E5 Research Paper No. 3
Parallel Negros: A Documentary Reckoning with Naming, Commerce, and Survival in the Early Atlantic, 1492–1685
“How a single word — negro — was made, priced, and survived across nearly two centuries of the early Atlantic world.”
About this paper
Parallel Negros traces the documentary life of a word across the early Atlantic — how negro was written into ledgers, laws, and ships' manifests between 1492 and 1685, how it priced human beings into commerce, and how the people it named survived the naming. The manuscript was rebuilt through repeated rounds of independent adversarial review, with every quotation, date, and geographic claim verified or struck.
Scholarly record
- Status
- Under peer review — Atlantic Studies: Global Currents
- Submitted
- September 2026
- Length
- ≈9,400 words
- Method
- Archival & documentary history
- Full text
- Available upon publication
The full text will be published here when the paper completes peer review.
Cite this paper
Armstead, Israel Lee. “Parallel Negros: A Documentary Reckoning with Naming, Commerce, and Survival in the Early Atlantic, 1492–1685.” E5 Research Paper No. 3. E5 Enclave Inc., 2026. Submitted to Atlantic Studies: Global Currents.
Version history
2026-09-11
Submitted to Atlantic Studies: Global Currents.
2026-09-10
Manuscript finalized after two independent adversarial audits — every quotation, date, and geographic claim verified or struck.
